{"id":513,"date":"2025-02-08T18:55:48","date_gmt":"2025-02-08T15:55:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alimusasaricimen.av.tr\/anasayfa\/?p=513"},"modified":"2025-02-08T18:56:52","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T15:56:52","slug":"uluslararasi-ceza-hukukunda-saldiri-sucu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alimusasaricimen.av.tr\/anasayfa\/?p=513","title":{"rendered":"Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Hukukunda Sald\u0131r\u0131 Su\u00e7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih boyunca d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde sava\u015f\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem neredeyse yoktur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce ma\u011fara duvarlar\u0131na insanlar\u0131n topluluklar halinde sava\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n delili olan \u00e7izimler resmedilmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsano\u011flu hayatta kalmak, g\u00fcvenliklerini sa\u011flamak ve bir\u00e7ok di\u011fer ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ad\u0131na toplu halde ya\u015famay\u0131 tercih eden bir canl\u0131d\u0131r. Toplu halde ya\u015fam faydalar getirdi\u011fi gibi insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine birtak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar da getirmektedir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kapsam\u0131, bireyin di\u011fer bireylerle ve devlet ile ili\u015fkisi, toplumsal ya\u015famda uyulacak kurallar hukuk kurallar\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan bir\u00e7ok insan, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde bir araya gelerek birbirlerinden farkl\u0131 dil konu\u015fan ve farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip toplumlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir toplumun kendi i\u00e7erisinde meydana gelecek anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ad\u0131na uyulmas\u0131 gereken kurallar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemesi gibi toplumlar\u0131n da birbirleriyle ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ad\u0131na uluslararas\u0131 alanda t\u00fcm toplumlar\u0131 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 kurallar\u0131n konulmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur. 1648 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan Vestfalya Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te devletler \u201chakl\u0131 sava\u015f\u2019\u2019[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahipken bu tarihten itibaren BM sistemine kadar devletler Vestfalya sistemini benimsemi\u015f ve kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131m Kellog-Briand Pakt\u0131 ve Lokarno Antla\u015fmas\u0131 gibi belgeler sava\u015fa ba\u015fvurmay\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak yine de s\u00f6z konusu antla\u015fmalar \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na engel olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndakinden de b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 sebebiyle sava\u015fta galip gelen devletler kurduklar\u0131 N\u00fcremberg ve Uzak Do\u011fu Uluslararas\u0131 Askeri Mahkemeleri ile sava\u015f su\u00e7lusu olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ki\u015fileri yarg\u0131lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu mahkemelerin yarg\u0131 yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda yer alan \u201cbar\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u2019\u2019 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te BM \u015eart\u0131 ile birlikte \u201cBM kararlar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca silahl\u0131 kuvvet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131\u2019\u2019 ve \u201cme\u015fru savunma\u2019\u2019 hakk\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kuvvet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n uyu\u015fmamas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun tan\u0131m\u0131 BM taraf\u0131ndan ancak 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda 3314 say\u0131l\u0131 karar ile yap\u0131labilmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 bir su\u00e7 oldu\u011fu ifade edilmi\u015ftir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun tan\u0131m\u0131 ve Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi\u2019nin yarg\u0131 yetkisine kapsam\u0131nda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu, sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u olu\u015ftu\u011funa karar verilmesi durumunda BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin rol\u00fcn\u00fcn ne olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn 5\/2\u2019nci maddesiyle sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve 121 ile 123. Maddedeki belirtilen \u015fartlarda stat\u00fcye eklenecek d\u00fczenleme ile yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanaca\u011f\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nitekim sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun tan\u0131m\u0131 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uganda\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kampala \u015fehrinde d\u00fczenlenen UCM Birinci G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irme Toplant\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda 6 say\u0131l\u0131 karar ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 8 bis,15 bis ve 15 ter maddeleri Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne eklenmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda UCM\u2019nin sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u \u00fczerindeki yarg\u0131 yetkisi 1 Ocak 2017 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonraya \u00f6telenmi\u015f Taraf Devletler Kurulu\u2019nun 14 Aral\u0131k 2017 tarihinde kabul etti\u011fi maddeyle[5]<\/a> UCM\u2019nin sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yarg\u0131 yetkisi 17 Temmuz 2018 tarihinden itibaren icra edilebilir hale gelmi\u015ftir.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma 2 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kapsam\u0131nda kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131, sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u kavram\u0131 ve tarihsel geli\u015fimi incelenecektir. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

I.ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA KUVVET KULLANMA YASA\u011eI, SALDIRI SU\u00c7U KAVRAMI VE TAR\u0130HSEL GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

A) Uluslararas\u0131 Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma Yasa\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u ile kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki mevcuttur. Sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelerin incelenmesi gerekmektedir.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak her kuvvet kullanma bir sald\u0131r\u0131 te\u015fkil etmez. Ayn\u0131 zamanda sald\u0131r\u0131 fiili ger\u00e7ekle\u015fse bile di\u011fer unsurlar mevcut de\u011filse de su\u00e7 olu\u015fmaz.[8]<\/a> Sonu\u00e7 olarak uluslararas\u0131 hukukta kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f hukuku temelde \u201cJus ad bellum\u201d <\/em>ve \u201cjus in bello\u201d <\/em>olarak iki b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u2018\u2019Jus ad bellum sava\u015f ilan\u0131yla ilgilenen hukuk (sava\u015fa karar verme hakk\u0131) iken; jus in bello ise sava\u015fta uyulmas\u0131 gereken hukuku (sava\u015f i\u00e7indeki haklar, y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler) veya di\u011fer bir tabirle \u2018insanc\u0131l hukuku\u2019 konu al\u0131r\u2019\u2019.[9]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> BM \u015eart\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kabul\u00fcnden sonra sava\u015fa ba\u015fvurma, zorlama y\u00f6ntemleri ve me\u015fru savunma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. BM \u015eart\u0131\u2019ndan sonra modern \u201cjus ad bellum\u201d<\/em> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan, \u201cjus contra bellum\u201d<\/em> kavram\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kavram sava\u015f a\u00e7maya kar\u015f\u0131 hukuk manas\u0131na gelmektedir ve bu kavramlarla birlikte uluslararas\u0131 alanda egemenli\u011fin, e\u015fitlik ilkesi uyumlu bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

20.y.y. ortalar\u0131na dek sava\u015f, insan tabiat\u0131 gere\u011fi do\u011fal bir olay ve bir olgu olarak kabul edilmi\u015f, hukuken bir d\u00fczenlemeye tabi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk yaln\u0131zca ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f bir sava\u015f\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme a\u015famas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.[11]<\/a> Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ra\u011fmen tarih boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli uygarl\u0131klar hakl\u0131 sava\u015f \u201cbellum justum\u201d<\/em> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine yer vermi\u015f ve buna ili\u015fkin kriterler belirlemi\u015flerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda sava\u015f karar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cfetiales\u2019\u2019<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen bir rahip heyeti vermekteydi. Bu kapsamda \u201cjus fetiale\u201d<\/em>de sava\u015fa ba\u015fvurmak i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt neden belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar Roma y\u00f6neticilerine sald\u0131r\u0131, el\u00e7ilere sald\u0131r\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalar\u0131n ihlali ve Roma\u2019ya dost bir devletin Roma\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015fman bir devlete destek vermesidir.[12]<\/a> G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de bir\u00e7ok alandaki antla\u015fmaya kaynakl\u0131k eden hakl\u0131 sava\u015f kavram\u0131 temelde alt\u0131 prensipten olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu prensiplerden ilki hakl\u0131 nedendir. Hakl\u0131 neden sava\u015fa ba\u015fvurmak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli bir neden veya nedenlerin olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade eden kavramd\u0131r. Bu nedenler ba\u015fta me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa olmak \u00fczere insani m\u00fcdahale ve \u00f6n al\u0131c\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa olarak ifade edilebilir. \u0130kinci prensip sava\u015f karar\u0131n\u0131n ancak devletlerin me\u015fru otoritelerince al\u0131n\u0131p resmi olarak duyurulmalar\u0131 ile ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Hakl\u0131 ama\u00e7 olarak ifade edilen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc prensip devletin topraklar\u0131 geni\u015fletme gibi gizli nedenlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca hakl\u0131 neden olarak belirtti\u011fi hedefi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek ad\u0131na sava\u015f ilan etmesini ifade eder. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k kavram\u0131 sava\u015f sonundaki fayda ve iyili\u011fin sava\u015f\u0131n getirece\u011fi felaketten a\u011f\u0131r basmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade etmektedir. Be\u015finci prensip olan son \u00e7are prensibi sava\u015f\u0131n ancak ve ancak alternatif \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7suz kalmas\u0131 veya bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7suz kalaca\u011f\u0131na dair makul dayanaklar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 durumunda ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 gereken bir yol oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Son olarak ba\u015far\u0131 ihtimali prensibi zafer elde etme ihtimalinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu durumda sava\u015fa ba\u015fvurulmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade etmektedir.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde Locarno Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Kellogg-Briand Pakt\u0131 gibi sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ad\u0131na birtak\u0131m geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak d\u00f6nemin siyasi konjonkt\u00fcr\u00fc, ekonomik ve askeri geli\u015fmeler neticesinde \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 engellenememi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak 70 milyondan fazla insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f ve etkileri hala devam eden d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir felaket meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu nedenlerle bir daha b\u00f6yle bir y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 ad\u0131na uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn gereklili\u011fi fikri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la 49 devlet 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece halen mevcut olan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu antla\u015fmada sava\u015f kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f kuvvet tehdidi veya kuvvet kullanma kavramlar\u0131na yer verilmi\u015ftir.[14]<\/a> BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde kuvvet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n evrensel d\u00fczeyde yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk antla\u015fmad\u0131r.[15]<\/a> Antla\u015fman\u0131n 2.maddesinin 4. F\u0131kras\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

BM ANTLA\u015eMASI m.2\/4: <\/em><\/strong>\u201cT\u00fcm \u00fcyeler, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinde gerek herhangi bir ba\u015fka devletin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ya da siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131, gerek Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ba\u011fda\u015fmayacak herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde kuvvet kullanma tehdidine ya da kuvvet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u015fvurmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131rlar.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca antla\u015fman\u0131n 51. maddesinde belirtilen me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa hakk\u0131 ile VII. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde d\u00fczenlenen BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi ile al\u0131nan kararlar kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n istisnas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaadan s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 51. maddesine g\u00f6re silahl\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya hedef olunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.[16]<\/a> Silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ihtimali durumunda me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 madde 51\u2019in kapsam\u0131na girmemektedir.[17]<\/a> Ayn\u0131 zamanda silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ile me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa aras\u0131nda zaman ba\u011f\u0131 da bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131 Nikaragua davas\u0131 karar\u0131nda BM Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 1974 tarihli 3314 say\u0131l\u0131 Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n Tan\u0131m\u0131 Karar\u0131\u2019na at\u0131fta bulunmu\u015f ve \u201csilahl\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n sadece d\u00fczenli silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayr\u0131ca ‘bir devletin aleyhine d\u00fczenli g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ika edebilece\u011fi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta silahl\u0131 harek\u00e2t ika eden silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n, d\u00fczensiz kuvvetlerin, \u00fccretli askerlerin ba\u015fka bir devlet taraf\u0131ndan veya onun ad\u0131na g\u00f6nderilmesini veya bu olaylara \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde m\u00fcdahil olmas\u0131n\u0131’ i\u00e7erdi\u011finin genellikle kabul edildi\u011fini\u201d <\/em>ifade etmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca UAD, s\u0131n\u0131r olaylar\u0131n\u0131n, silah, lojistik ya da ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc desteklerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 kapsam\u0131na girmedi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

BM Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 39. maddesinde belirtilen \u015fartlar\u0131n (bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n tehdit edilmesi, bozulmas\u0131 veya bir sald\u0131r\u0131 fiili varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131) olu\u015fmas\u0131 halinde BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi 41. ve 42. maddeler uyar\u0131nca gerekli \u00f6nlemleri almaya yetkili say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nlemler ilk olarak kuvvet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen \u00f6nlemler olmakla birlikte yetersiz kalmalar\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fin korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi durumunda kuvvet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erebilece\u011fi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Netice itibariyle me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ve BM kararlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda kuvvet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmamaktad\u0131r. Sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun olu\u015fmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fiilin nedeni, amac\u0131, s\u00fcresi, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilip buna g\u00f6re bir sonuca var\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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B) Sald\u0131r\u0131 Su\u00e7unun Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler uluslararas\u0131 hukukta yer bulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve bu su\u00e7un olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131layacak uluslararas\u0131 yetkili mahkemelerin mevcut olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan yarg\u0131lamalar ceza hukukunun temel ilkeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015ftan sonra kurulan N\u00fcremberg ve Uzak Do\u011fu Askeri Mahkemeleri\u2019nde yap\u0131lan yarg\u0131lamalarda savunma taraf\u0131 \u00f6zellikle su\u00e7ta ve cezada kanunilik, do\u011fal hakim ilkesi gibi temel ceza hukuku ilkelerinin ihlal edildi\u011fini yarg\u0131laman\u0131n adil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir. Mahkemeler ise sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 1928 Kellogg Briand Pakt\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015f ve kararlar\u0131n\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n toplum i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan bir fiil olmas\u0131 nedenine dayand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[18]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131 belirlenemeyecek derecede genel tan\u0131mlamalarla ortaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u2018\u2019\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Bar\u0131\u015f ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fine Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lara \u0130li\u015fkin Taslak Yasas\u0131\u2019\u2019 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Tasla\u011f\u0131n ilk dokuz paragraf\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7unu tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda sava\u015f boyutuna varmasa dahi sald\u0131r\u0131 fiillerinin \u00e7e\u015fitli yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren faaliyetlerinin \u015fahsi ceza sorumlulu\u011fu da do\u011furdu\u011fu ifade edilmi\u015f, devletin yetkililerinin sald\u0131rganl\u0131k fiiline ba\u015fvurma tehdidi, me\u015fru savunma durumu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolayl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 fiilleri, uluslararas\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flayan antla\u015fmalar\u0131n ihlali, toprak katma veya siyasi ve ekonomik bask\u0131 yoluyla devlet i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flama da su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[19]<\/a> Ancak bu taslak yasa devletlerden destek g\u00f6rmemi\u015f ve uygulanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda BM Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 3314 say\u0131l\u0131 Sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n Tan\u0131m\u0131 Karar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca sald\u0131r\u0131 fiilleri say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar;<\/p>\n

\u201cSava\u015f ilan edilmi\u015f olsun olmas\u0131n, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fiillerin herhangi birisi 2’nci madde h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi ve ona uygun \u015fekilde bir sald\u0131r\u0131 fiili niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r: <\/em><\/p>\n